Implementing in C++ the Liskov Substitution Principle

The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP), introduced by Barbara Liskov in 1987, is a cornerstone of object-oriented design and one of the five SOLID principles. It states that objects of a derived class should be substitutable for objects of their base class without altering the correctness of the program. In other words, a subclass should honor the contract established by its superclass, ensuring that any code relying on the base class works seamlessly with derived classes. In C++, where inheritance and polymorphism are heavily utilized, adhering to LSP requires careful design.