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Black hole devours a neutron star. Scientists say they have seen tantalizing, first-time evidence of a black hole eating a neutron star-first stretching the neutron star into a crescent, swallowing it, and then gulping up crumbs of the broken star in the minutes and hours that followed. Credit: Dana Berry/NASA.&nbsp;&nbsp;
<a href="http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/swift/bursts/short_burst_oct5.html" target="_blank" class="news_link" title="NASA">
Visit this NASA website for more images and animations.
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Several studies in the past have demonstrated how longer high-energy radiation bursts, such as those caused by supernovae, and extreme solar 

flares can deplete stratospheric ozone, allowing the most powerful and damaging forms of ultraviolet radiation to penetrate to the Earth’s 

surface. The probability of an event intense enough to disrupt life on the land or in the oceans becomes large, if considered on geological 

timescales. So getting a handle on the rates and intensities of such events is important for efforts to connect them to extinctions in the 

fossil record.


“We find that a kind of gamma ray burst — a short gamma ray burst — is probably more significant than a longer gamma ray burst,” said 

astrophysicist Brian Thomas of Washburn University. Improved and accumulated data collected by the SWIFT satellite, which catches gamma ray 

bursts in action in other galaxies, is providing a better case for the power and threat of the short bursts to life on Earth.


The shorter bursts are really short: less than one second long. They are thought to be caused by the collision of two neutron stars or maybe 

even colliding black holes. No one is certain which. What is clear is that they are incredibly powerful events.


“The duration is not as important as the amount of radiation,” said Thomas. If such a burst were to happen inside the Milky Way, it its effects 

would be much longer lasting to Earth’s surface and oceans.


“What I focused on was the longer term effects,” said Thomas. The first effect is to deplete the ozone layer by knocking free oxygen and 

nitrogen atoms so they can recombine into ozone-destroying nitrous oxides. These long-lived molecules keep destroying ozone until they rain out. 

“So we see a big impact on the ozone layer.”


Those effects are likely to have been devastating for many forms of life on the surface -- including terrestrial and marine plants which are the 

foundation of the food web.


Based on what is seen among other galaxies, these short bursts, it seems that they occur in any given galaxy at a rate of about once per 100 

million years. If that is correct, then it’s very likely that Earth has been exposed to such events scores of times over its history. The 

question is whether they left a calling card in the sky or Earth’s geological record.


Astronomical evidence is not likely, said Thomas, because the galaxy spins and mixes pretty thoroughly every million years, so any remnants of 

blasts are probably long gone from view. There might, however, be evidence in the ground here on Earth, he said. Some researchers are looking at 

the isotope iron-60, for instance, which has been argued as a possible proxy for radiation events.


If isotopes like iron-60 can reveal the strata of the events, it then becomes a matter of looking for extinction events that correlate and 

seeing what died and what survived -- which could shed more light on the event itself.


“I work with some paleontologists and we try to look for correlations with extinctions, but they are skeptical,” said Thomas. “So if you go and 

give a talk to paleontologists, they are not quite into it. But to astrophysicists, it seems pretty plausible.”


Thomas will be presenting his work on Sunday morning October 9, 2011, at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Minneapolis. 

This work was supported by the NASA Astrobiology: Exobiology and Evolutionary Biology Program.




Source: The Geological Society of America

Astrophysics and Extinctions: News About Planet-Threatening Events