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<img src="https://cdn.kahimyang.com/resources-17/maragtas.webp" loading="lazy" alt="Maragtas Legend" />
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<p>
Much of what we know about the prehispanic era came to us through legends. These are stories that were not written but were spoken by each 

generation to its following generation. Many legends are usually nothing more than stories about the creation of the world, the first man and 

woman and such. It is easy to see that these are not meant to be regarded as fact. There are some legends that may have a been based on actual 

events but they are not reliable records of the past because legends can change with each telling. Often a teller's memory can be weak or 

mistaken or the teller may even add or remove parts of the story just to spice it up.
</p>

<p>
<b>This article is about one legend called Maragtas</b> but not the Maragtas that was once taught to Filipino school children. This article is about a 

modern myth that surrounds a book entitled Maragtas. And, just like the legends of old, this one has been “spiced up” too. In this case, 

however, the legends have become confused with history. And, as we shall see, when history and legend are mixed, the stories often sound better 

but the truth always suffers.
</p>

<h3>The Legends of Maragtas</h3>
<p>
The stories known as the Maragtas are legends that may or may not be based on actual events in the remote past. They are about the ten datus or 

chiefs who escaped the tyranny of Datu Makatunaw of Borneo and immigrated to the island of Panay. Once there, they supposedly bought the lowland 

plains of the island from Marikudo, the leader of the indigenous Aytas, for the price of a solid gold salakot (hat). According to the legend, 

these ten chiefs and their families are the very ancestors of the entire Visayan population. This is the legend that has been celebrated yearly 

in the Ati-atihan festival since the late 1950s when it became a part of the annual feast of the Santo Niño in Kalibo, Aklan.
</p>
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<div class="book-extract" >
<div class="source-notes">
<h4>Pedro A. Monteclaro's "Foreword to the Readers" of Maragtas</h4>
<p>
Maragtas was written by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro in 1907 as a collection of the legends of the island of Panay in the Philippines. He wrote it in a mixture of Hiligaynon and Kinaray-a, the languages of his birthplace, Miag-ao in the south of Panay. However, many translators of the book have selectively mistranslated or omitted parts in order to make it appear that the book was an ancient manuscript written at the time of the events described in it.
</p>
<p>
The full title of the book is:
</p>
<p>
Maragtás kon (historia) sg pulô nga Panay kutub sg iya una nga pamuluyö, tubtub sg pag-abut sg mga taga Borneo nga amó ang ginhalinan sg mga bisayâ, kag sg pag-abut sg mga Katsilâ. (Note: sg should be written with a tilde (~) above the word. It is short for sang.)
</p>
<p>
“Maragtas or (history) of Panay Island from the first inhabitants, until the arrival of the Borneans from which the Bisayans are descended, to the arrival of the Spaniards”. 
</p>
<h4>The Original Preface to Maragtas</h4>
<p>
Here is Pedro Monteclaro’s own foreword to Maragtas. It is a corrected translation taken from William Henry Scott’s Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History (Revised Edition, 1984). The underlining and bold typeface are added by the present author.
</p>
<p>
Foreword to the Readers
</p>
<p>
    I wrote this Maragtas, a history of the first inhabitants of the island of Panay, with great reluctance for fear I might be considered too presumptuous. I would therefore have refrained from writing it but for my burning desire to reveal to the public the many data which I gathered from records about the first inhabitants of the island of Panay, the arrival of the Datus from Borneo, their possession and settlement of our land, their spread to different parts of the Island, and their customs and habits until the Spaniards came and ruled the Philippines.
</p>
<p>
    In order that readers of this Maragtas should not accuse me of having merely composed this book from imagination, I wish to mention two manuscripts I found. One of these was given to me by an 82 year old man, who had been the first teacher of the town and who said it had been given him by his father, who in turn got it from his father, the old man’s grandfather. The long years through which the manuscript must have passed wore out the paper so much that it was almost impossible to handle. Worse yet, it was only written in a black dye and smeared with sap which had burned the paper and made it almost useless. The other manuscript I found in a bamboo tube where my grandfather used to keep his old papers. This manuscript, however, was hardly legible at all, and was so brittle I could hardly handle it without tearing it to pieces. Having located one manuscript, I concluded there would most likely be another copy somewhere, so I decided to inquire of different old men and women of the town. My search was not in vain for I then came across the afore-mentioned old man in the street, who even gave me the manuscripts dealing with what happened in the town of Miag-ao from the time of its foundation. I copied these records in a book on 12 June 1901, as a memoir for the town of Miag-ao, but did not publish them for the reasons stated. Besides, I was waiting for someone better qualified to write a history of the Island of Panay from the time of its first inhabitants.
</p>
<p>
    I should like my readers to know that my purpose in writing this Maragtas is not to gain honor for myself but to transmit to others what I read in the records I collected.
 
</p>
<p>
This corrected translation was prepared after Scott consulted with the eminent Ilonggo anthropologist, Felipe Landa Jocano; Trinidad Molavin, granddaughter of Pedro Monteclaro; and Dr. Juan C. Orendain. It was based on the following English translations:
</p>
<p>
<ol>
<li>
H. Otley Beyer Collection: Visayan ethnography paper No. 25 by Encarnacion J. Gonzaga, Natividad Rosado, Ramón P. Locsin and Ismael Golez, 1916.
 </li>
<li>
A pre-Spanish history of the Island of Panay, translated for the Research Commission from the vernacular version of Pedro Monteclaro, Philippine Executive Commission, Department of Education, Health and Public Welfare, Manila, typewritten, by Manuel Carreon, 1943.
 </li>
<li>
A pre-Spanish history of the Island of Panay, Philippines Review, , vol. 2, No. 4 and No. 5  by Manuel Carreon, July and August 1944. Reprinted as Maragtas: pre-Spanish history of the Island of Panay in Encyclopedia of the Philippines, by Zoilo M. Galang, 2nd edition, revised, Vol. 15, 1950 .
 </li>
<li>
Maragtas by Eva M. Bayoneta in Supplementary readings on A short history of the Filipino people by Teodoro Agoncillo, 1960.
</li>
</ol>
</p>
<h4>
Sins of Omission
</h4>
<p>
None of the translations listed above included the last chapter or the epilogue of Monteclaro’s book where he gave a list of Spanish officials from 1687 to 1808 and mentioned various dates from the 1700’s in the town of Miag-ao. The 1916 translation made for Otley Beyer (#1) did not include Pedro Monteclaro’s foreword either. 
</p>
<p>
The second work on this list did include these chapters in its original typewritten form but the final chapters were suppressed when it was actually published in the Sarawak Museum Journal, Vol. 8, 1957 under the misleading title, Maragtas: the Datus from Borneo (the earliest known Visayan text). An introduction was added by the journal’s editor, anthropologist Tom Harrison, where he referred to Monteclaro not as the author of Maragtas but merely the transcriber of  an ancient Philippine legend.
</p>
<h4>
Deceptive Translations
</h4>
<p>
Even when translators did include Monteclaro’s preface, they often took great liberties with the text which only served to mislead readers. For instance, the phrase shown above in bold lettering, ...I wish to mention two manuscripts I found – is a faithful translation of the original phrase:
</p>
<p>
...akon diri igasambit nga duha ka talamdan ang akon naayap.
</p>
<p>
However, in Manuel Carreon’s article of 1957 this is translated as “the two manuscripts on which I based my work”. And in The Ten Datus of Madiaas (1963) by Juan C. Orendain it reads, “I am here presenting two writings which I have been able to find.” The truth is that Monteclaro wrote in the foreword that one manuscript was “almost useless” and the other was “hardly legible at all”. Thus he could not have “presented” or “based his work on" either of these documents.
</p>
<p>
Orendain went on to write in the preface of his 1963 book that, “He [Monteclaro] claimed he copied the Maragtas.” However, when William Henry Scott interviewed Orendain in 1966 he admitted that Monteclaro’s foreword did not actually make that claim.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<h3>Pedro Monteclaro's Maragtas</h3>
<p>
Even though these legends might have been known for generations, the word maragtas itself was unknown until it was used as the title of a book 

by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro in 1907. He wrote Maragtas in the Hiligaynon and Kinaray-á languages of Panay and the word maragtas was merely 

intended to mean "history". To this day the word maragtas is known only in connection to his book.
</p>
<p>
Monteclaro regarded legends as an important part of Visayan heritage so he collected the various stories of the elderly of Panay and published 

them in his Maragtas. Some people have claimed that Monteclaro actually translated Maragtas from an ancient prehispanic manuscript but in the 

preface of the book he clearly stated that he himself was its author. And although he did refer to two old written documents, he said that he 

did not publish them due to their poor condition and he did not imply that they were transcribed in his book.
</p>
<p>
Monteclaro did not assign any specific dates to these supposedly ancient documents. One, he said, belonged to his grandfather and the other 

belonged to the grandfather of an 82 year old man whom he had met in his hometown of Miag-ao. Monteclaro said that he managed to copy these 

documents in 1901 even though they were almost completely illegible.
</p>
<p>
The fact that these documents were said to have been written on paper and that, at best, these sources date back only to two generations before 

1901 (Monteclaro claimed one to be five generations old) places them firmly within the period of the Spanish occupation. Also, in the epilogue, 

Monteclaro stated that he had consulted with all the old men of every town because, he wrote:
</p>
</p>
<p>
...my documents did not give me clear and complete data on the things of the past.  
</p>
<p>
The publisher of Maragtas, Salvador Laguda, even noted that:
</p>
<p>
According to the author, this Maragtas should not be considered as containing facts all of which are accurate and true, because many of his data 

do not tally with what we hear from old men. 
</p>
<p>

A large part of Maragtas appears to be based on a work written in 1858 by Fr. Tomás Santarén, and published in 1902 under the title Historia de 

los primeros datos.  It was a translation of one document of the mid 1800’s and another older document. Santarén did not mention from what 

language these documents were translated and he described the older document simply as old but not ancient. Another note by the publisher of 

Maragtas may reveal its connection to this work by Santarén as well as the source of Santarén’s information.
</p>
<p>
The scattered sources from which this work is written came from the friars who tried to keep a record of what they had done and seen in this 

island. 

</p>







<h3>Once Legend, Now History</h3>
<p>
Despite such clear disclaimers, later historians still came to regard Maragtas as an actual ancient document. This is probably due to the many 

misleading translations of Monteclaro's book.
</p>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
Some writers deliberately mistranslated the parts of his foreword that referred to the two documents mentioned earlier. See: Foreword to the 

Readers.
 </li>
<li>
 Most deliberately excluded the sections that reveal the work to be modern, (i.e. the chapters which deal with the Spanish era and the original 

publisher's notes).
 </li>
<li>
And all the translators seemed to have turned a collective blind eye to Monteclaro’s free use of Spanish words such as dios, junta, negrito, and 

volcán in a document they claimed to be prehispanic.
</li>
</ul>
</p>
<p>
Nor did they draw attention to the fact that much of the book was written in a subjective style and in the third person, past-tense. That is to 

say, the parts which dealt with what, according to them, should have been contemporary information (languages, commerce, law, social customs 

etc.) were presented in the style of a modern history book rather than an account written by someone who had lived at that time. For example, 

here is the description of an offence punishable by slavery:
</p>

<p>
The most serious and most severely punished offence was laziness. 
</p>
<p>
It is unbelievable that any legal code would present its laws in this manner. Also, this particular statement is inaccurate because there were 

other offences mentioned in Maragtas that were punished by mutilation and death. Incredibly, later writers would compile these descriptions, 

call them “The Code of Maragtas” and then claim that they were written in the year 1212!
</p>
<p>
The misconceptions surrounding Maragtas were further reinforced when even the highly respected historian, <a href="https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/1232/today-in-philippine-history-july-13-1883-henry-otley-beyer-was-born-in-edgewood-iowa" class="news_link">Dr. Henry Otley Beyer</a> called it a 

prehispanic document. In Philippine Saga which he wrote with Jaime C. de Veyra in 1947, he mentioned a manuscript from Panay known as Maragtas 

and “the ancient writing in which it was originally inscribed".  Then in his Outline Review of Philippine Archaeology of 1949 he wrote the 

following:
</p>
<p>
A remarkable ancient document known as the “Maragtas,” dating probably from about 1225, was preserved in Panay and transliterated into 

romanized Visayan in the early Spanish days. 
</p>
<p>
Unfortunately, lesser historians have accepted these statements without question and many teachers still repeat them confidently today.
</p>
<p>
In 1957 anthropologist Tom Harrison wrote a preface to a translation of Maragtas by Manuel Carreon wherein he referred to Monteclaro not as the 

author of Maragtas but merely the transcriber of an ancient Philippine legend. 
</p>

<h3>The Confederation of Madya-as</h3>

<p>
In Maragtas, Monteclaro also told the story of the creation of the Confederation of Madya-as in Panay under the rule of Datu Sumakwel and he 

gave the details of its constitution. In spite of the importance that should be placed on such an early constitution and his detailed 

description of it, Monteclaro gave no source for his information. Also, it appears that the Confederation of Madya-as is unique to Monteclaro's 

book. It has never been documented anywhere else nor is it among the legends of the unhispanized tribes of Panay.
</p>

<h3>The Code of Maragtas</h3

<p>
Even though Monteclaro did describe the customs and rules of Sumakwel's community, he never made reference to any Code of Sumakwel or Code of 

Maragtas. Indeed Maragtas was simply the title of his own book and a word which was supposed to mean "history". Thus any Code of Maragtas that 

predated his book would be highly suspect from the start.
</p>
<p>
In fact, the Maragtas Code only first appeared in an article entitled El Código de Maragtás written by Guillermo Santiago-Cuino in 1938. 

These were a set of laws which were said to have been enacted in the year 1212. This code was allegedly translated by Santiago-Cuino from 

"ancient Filipino writing". He claimed that he had found these documents in the mountains of Madya-as and that he was accompanied by a Bishop 

Gabriel Reyes at the time. However, when Reyes was asked about the incident by a relative, Jaime de Veyra of the National Language Institute, he 

said that he did not know Santiago-Cuino nor had he ever been to the Madya-as mountains. Guillermo Santiago-Cuino never produced his original 

document for the public or any believable proof for his essay. 
</p>
<p>
Santiago-Cuino probably took the date of the Code of Maragtas from a work by Josué Soncuya, Historia prehispana de Filipinas (1917). The 

year 1212 is the date that Soncuya gave for the emigration of the ten datus. He based this on two unpublished documents from Mambusao, Capiz and 

Bugasong, Antique which were never recognized to be prehispanic by any historian. In fact, these said documents were not dated as such but were 

assigned this date by local school teachers who had prepared chronicles for their towns to submit to the National Library in 1911. Aside from 

this, Soncuya's calculations are generally quite unreliable. For example, by his estimation, the year 1212 is 16 generations after the year 

1160. Obviously, 16 human generations could not fit into a span of only 52 years.
</p>
<h3>The Verdict on Maragtas</h3>

<p>
Maragtas was finally placed in its proper perspective as a book of legends rather than historical fact in 1968 by William Henry Scott. For his 

doctoral dissertation at the University of Santo Tomas, Scott made a painstaking investigation into all the sources of information about the 

Philippines before the coming of the Spaniards.
</p>
<p>
Rather than merely plagiarizing past historians, Scott examined the original documents and searched archives and museums the world over for 

supporting documents and artefacts. He questioned the top historians of the day about their sources of information and consulted with many 

experts in other fields such as language, geology, archaeology and anthropology. He scoured the vast collection of prehispanic material amassed 

by his personal friend, Dr. H. Otley Beyer. He interviewed the friends, colleagues and relatives of the figures behind the stories such as Pedro 

Monteclaro and Jose E. Marco and he examined their correspondence.
</p>
<p>
William Henry Scott proved in his dissertation that Maragtas and the Confederation of Madya-as were not actual ancient documents from long ago 

but only legends that were collected and in some cases possibly concocted by Pedro Monteclaro and published in 1907 in his book entitled 

Maragtas. As for the Maragtas Code, Scott found that it was merely an invention of Guillermo Santiago-Cuino's mind which was probably based on 

Monteclaro's book and published in 1938.
</p>
<p>
Scott successfully defended his dissertation before a panel of eminent Filipino historians, some of whom had formerly endorsed and promoted the 

erroneous facts of Philippine history. The panel included Teodoro Agoncillo, Horacio de la Costa, Marcelino Forondo, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, 

Nicholas Zafra and Gregorio Zaide. Scott's meticulous research was published in 1968 in his book Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of 

Philippine History and since then no historian has contested his conclusions. 
</p>

<h3>The Result of Scott's Discoveries</h3>

<p>
By the 1960s the better scholars already had some doubts regarding Maragtas and they avoided mentioning it in their works. Scott's thesis 

confirmed their suspicions. However, it was many years before the writers of school textbooks noticed Scott's findings. Most continued to 

reprint their old texts while others wrote new books that still contained the old mistakes. Take for example this quote from Ang Pagsulong ng 

Pamayanan (1981):
</p>
<p>
Maragtas' Code is the premier example of written law and it has been considered the oldest because it was in effect from 1250. 
</p>
<p>
Not only is this statement wrong but its authors seem to believe that Maragtas was a person and not a book.
</p>
<p>
Jose Villa Panganiban used Maragtas to trace the origin of the Tagalog language in the preface of the very popular English-Tagalog Dictionary by 

Fr. Leo James English in 1965.  To this day it remains unrevised in spite of many reprintings.
</p>
<p>
Even one member of Scott's dissertation panel did not appear to be eager to set the record straight. Gregorio Zaide continued to include 

information from Maragtas in works such as Pageant of Philippine History in 1979, History of the Republic of the Philippines in 1983 and 

Philippine History 1984 which he co-authored with his daughter, Sonia Zaide.
</p> 


The Maragtas Legend